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Design of Tomix and Kato N-Gauge Sectional Track Systemsby R. D. Kerr |
Did you ever wonder why a model railway straight track piece is the length that it is, or why a curved track piece has the radius that is has? Or why some sectional track systems seem to have better layout design capabilities than others? This page presents the Tomix N-gauge Fine Track system in the context of basic sectional track system design considerations. It also provides a direct comparison to N-gauge Kato Unitrack, which is actively exported and internationally better known. It will explain why the variously sized pieces are offered, and how they are designed to meet particular needs. I use the international designations for Unitrack, which are not included in Kato-USA literature. Tomix actually produces two related and compatible track systems: its basic railway system and the more recently introduced Mini Rail system, which offers tight-radius curves and points/turnouts. Both will be presented here. The tables below do not include "accessory" track pieces like power feeders, bridges, end bumpers, rerailers, pier sets and so on. They include just those track pieces that essentially define the overall layout designs possible, and that determine the capabilities of the entire track system. If these tables look too complicated, just focus on the "Regular Track" entries, the crossings and the points/turnouts. All of the other listings are for the benefit of those who want to compare Tomix and Kato offerings of elevated viaduct track, double track and other specialized types. In general, Tomix offers far more points/turnout sizes, larger-radius double viaduct curves, the tighter "Mini" curves and turnouts, Wide PC Track and Wide Tram. Kato offers more single-track viaduct pieces (which are of limited value), and each manufacturer goes its own way in double-viaduct designs. I will use the metric system dimensions used by the designers themselves, since I find them the easiest to use. For those people used to the "English system" who do not yet have a sense of metric size, remember that 280 mm equals about 11 inches, 140 mm is about 5.5 inches, and 37 mm is about 1.5 inches. (Note that 1.5 inches is also the standard track spacing for N-Trak modules.) The drawings below were made with AnyRail software, which includes a Tomix track library. |
| Guide to Decoding the Tomix Track Designations (Kato is similar) |
| S = Straight, xxx = mm length, (F) = Fine Track |
| C = Curved, xxx = mm radius, -xx degrees of arc, (F) |
| X = Crossing, R or L = Right or Left crossing, xxx = mm length, -xx = degrees of crossing angle, (F) |
| P = Points (turnout), R L Y or C = Right or Left departure curve, Y-shaped, or Curve-on-curve, xxx = mm radius, -xx = degrees of arc, (F) |
| Prefixes: D = Double track; H = elevated viaduct track; N = Neo (points/turnout wiring) |
| Suffixes: SL = Slab track; WP = Wide with Precast sleepers; WT = Wide Tram; (F) = Fine Track |
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| Basic Sectional Track System Parameters | |||
| The basic parameters of a sectional track system seem pretty obvious. They include the length of a standard straight track piece, the radius and arc of a standard curved track, and the standard spacing between parallel tracks. | |||
| Basic Track Parameter | Tomix Fine Track | Tomix Mini Track | Kato Unitrack |
| Regular Track | |||
| Standard Straight | S280 | --- | S248 |
| Standard Curve | C280-45 C280-15 | C140-60 C140-30 | R282-45 R282-15 |
| Standard Spacing | 37 mm | 37 mm | 33 mm |
| Elevated Viaduct Track | |||
| Viaduct Standard Straight | HS280 | --- | S248V |
| Viaduct Standard Curve | HC280-45 | --- | R282-45V |
| Double Track Concrete Tie | |||
| Dbl Trk Concrete Tie Straight | use 2 PC-S280-WP | --- | WS248PC |
| Elevated Viaduct Double Track | |||
| Viaduct Double Track Straight | DS280 | --- | not made |
| Elevated Viaduct Double Slab Track | |||
| Viaduct Dbl Slab Trk Straight | DS280-SL | --- | WS248V |
| Wide PC Track | |||
| Wide PC Standard Straight | PC-S280-WP | --- | not made |
| Wide Tram Track | |||
| Wide Tram Standard Curve | --- | C140-60-WP C140-30-WT | not made |
| Fractional / Multiple Straight Track Sizes | |||
| These straight track sizes are basic fractions or multiples of the standard straight. (Other odd sizes are also produced and are discussed later.) | |||
| Fraction/Multiple of Standard | Tomix Fine Track | Kato Unitrack | |
| Regular Track | |||
| 1/4-length | S70 | S62 | |
| 1/2-length | S140 | S124 | |
| 3/4-length | use S70 + S140 | S186 | |
| Slab Track | |||
| 1/2-length Slab | S140-SL | not made | |
| Elevated Viaduct Track | |||
| 1/4-length Viaduct | not made | S62V | |
| 1/2-length Viaduct | HS140 | S124V | |
| 3/4-length Viaduct | not made | S186V | |
| Double Track Concrete Tie | |||
| 1/4-length Double Trk Concrete Tie | not made | WS62PC | |
| 1/2-length Double Trk Concrete Tie | not made | WS124PC | |
| 3/4-length Double Trk Concrete Tie | not made | WS186PC | |
| Elevated Viaduct Double Track | |||
| 1/2-length Viaduct Double Track | DS140 | not made | |
| 4-length Viaduct Double Track | DS1120 | not made | |
| Elevated Viaduct Double Slab Track | |||
| 1/2-length Viaduct Double Slab Trk | DS140-SL | WS124V | |
| 3/4-length Viaduct Double Slab Trk | not made | WS186V | |
| 4-length Viaduct Double Slab Trk | DS1120-SL | not made | |
| Wide PC Track | |||
| 1/2-length Wide PC Straight | PC-S140-WP | not made | |
| Wide Tram Track | |||
| 1/2-length Wide Tram Straight | S140-WT | not made | |
| 1/4-length Wide Tram Straight | S70-WT | not made | |
| Incremental Curved Track Sizes | |||
| These curved track sizes are greater or lesser radius than the standard curve by one or more increments of track spacing. (Other odd sizes are also produced and are discussed later.) | |||
| Multiples of Track Spacing | Tomix Fine Track | Tomix Mini Curved | Kato Unitrack |
| Regular Track | |||
| +3 | C391-45 C391-15 |
not made | R381-30 |
| +2 | C354-45 C354-15 |
not made | R348-45 R348-30 |
| +1 | C317-45 C317-15 |
C177-60 C177-30 |
R315-45 R315-15 |
| -1 | C243-45 C243-15 |
C103-60 C103-30 |
R249-45 R249-15 |
| -2 | not made | not made | R216-45 R216-15 |
| Elevated Viaduct Track | |||
| +3 Viaduct | not made | not made | R381-30V |
| +2 Viaduct | HC354-45 | not made | R348-45V R348-30V |
| +1 Viaduct | HC317-45 | not made | R315-45V |
| -1 Viaduct | HC243-45 | not made | R249-45V |
| Double Track Concrete Tie | |||
| +4/+3 Double Trk Concrete Tie Super-elevated | not made | not made | WR414/381-45PC |
| +4/+3 Double Trk Concrete Tie Super-elevated Transition | not made | not made | WR414/381-45PC AL-AR |
| +1/0 Double Trk Concrete Tie Super-elevated | not made | not made | WR315/282-45PC |
| +1/0 Double Trk Concrete Tie Super-elevated Transition | not made | not made | WR315/282-45PC AL-AR |
| Elevated Viaduct Double Track | |||
| +5/+4 Double Track | DC465/428-45 | not made | not made |
| +3/+2 Double Track | DC391/354-45 | not made | not made |
| +1/0 Double Track | DC317/280-45 | not made | not made |
| Elevated Viaduct Double Slab Track | |||
| +7/+6 Double Slab Track | DC539/502-22.5-SL | not made | not made |
| +5/+4 Double Slab Track | DC465/428-45-SL | not made | not made |
| +4/+3 Double Slab Track | not made | not made | terminated |
| +4/+3 Double Slab Track Super-elevated | not made | not made | WR414/381-45VS |
| +4/+3 Double Slab Track Super-elevated Transition | not made | not made | WR414/381-45VS AL-AR |
| Wide PC Track | |||
| +3 Wide PC (super-elevated) | PC-C391-45-WP | not made | not made |
| +3 Wide PC (transition) | PC-CR(L)391-22.5-WP | not made | not made |
| +2 Wide PC (super-elevated) | PC-C354-45-WP | not made | not made |
| +2 Wide PC (transition) | PC-CR(L)354-22.5-WP | not made | not made |
| Wide Tram Track | |||
| +1 Wide Tram | not made | C177-60-WT C177-30-WT | not made |
| -1 Wide Tram | not made | C103-60-WT C103-30-WT | not made |
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| Crossings and Related Short Straight Track Sizes | |||
| Once you get past basic straight and curved track pieces, the design issues start to get more complicated. The size of crossings is influenced by the standard straight track length and the standard track spacing. The angle of crossings produced is related to curve arcs produced. Some short odd-sized straight pieces are produced to match one or more crossings to standard straight lengths. (Coincidentally, they also serve well to fill odd gaps in sectional layouts.) | |||
| Crossing or Short Straight | Tomix Fine Track | Kato Unitrack | |
| Regular Track | |||
| 15-Degree Crossing Right | XR140-15 | X15R (186 mm) | |
| 15-Degree Crossing Left | XL140-15 | X15L (186 mm) | |
| Note: The Kato 15-degree crossovers do not comply with the Kato standard 33mm track spacing design; however, they create a 49.5 mm spacing (1.5 standard). | |||
| 30-Degree Crossing | X72.5-30 | not made | |
| Note: This crossing is meant to be used with both tracks at 15 degrees, such as in the center of a double-crossover made from four points/turnouts. To understand its 72.5 mm length see "Other Straight Track Sizes" below. | |||
| 90-Degree Crossing | X37-90 | X90 (33 mm) | |
| Straight (= 1/2 of Track Spacing) | S18.5 (x 2 = 37) | not made | |
| Straight (= 1/4 Straight - Spacing) | S33 (37 + 33 = 70) | S29 (33 + 29 = 62) | |
| Straight (= 1/4 Straight - 1/2 Spacing) | not made | S45.5 (33 / 2 + 45.5 = 62) | |
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| Other Straight Track Sizes | ||
| The trigonometry of curved track arcs and straight track lengths dictate other straight track lengths, for use at angles other than 0 degrees and 90 degrees. | ||
| A straight placed at 45 degrees that is the square root of two (1.414) multiplied by a regular straight track length will project a length (at 0 degrees) and a transverse spacing (at 90 degrees) both equal to the regular length (equilateral right triangle). | ||
| A straight placed at 30 degrees will project a transverse spacing of half (0.5) of its length and will project a length at 0 degrees that is the square root of three (1.73) multiplied by that spacing (30-60-90 degree triangle). | ||
| General formula: A straight of length X placed at Y degrees will project a transverse spacing equal to X multiplied by the sine of Y degrees, and will project a length at 0 degrees that is X times the cosine of Y degrees. For example, the Tomix S72.5 straight listed below, when placed at a 15 degree angle, has a transverse spacing of 72.5 * sin (15) = 72.5 * 0.259 = about 18.5 mm (half the Tomix 37 mm standard track spacing). It has a projected length of 72.5 * cos(15) = 72.5 * 0.966 = 70 mm (1/4 of the Tomix 280 mm standard straight track length). | ||
| Straight (Length Basis) | Tomix Fine Track | Kato Unitrack |
| Regular Track | ||
| Straight (projects 1/4 Straight at 45 degrees) | S99 | not made |
| Straight (projects 1/4 Straight at 15 degrees) | S72.5 | S64 |
| Straight (= 1/2 Standard Straight + 1/2 Standard Spacing) | S158.5 | not made |
| Elevated Viaduct Track | ||
| Straight (projects 1/4 Straight at 45 degrees) | HS99 | not made |
| Straight (= 1/2 Standard Straight + 1/2 Standard Spacing) | HS158.5 | not made |
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| Turnouts (Points) and Related Track | |||
| In a similar manner to the table above, there is a relationship between the standard track spacing and the curve, arc and length dimensions of turnouts (points). A turnout, along with a complementary curve to make a siding parallel to the straight track, needs to be sized to locate the siding at the standard track spacing distance from the main track. Unfortunately, for space reasons, the standard curve radius that is chosen typically does not work this way. The only exception is the Tomix Mini Points, where the 140 mm radius 30-degree arc creates the standard track spacing of 37 mm. This lets you substitute a turnout into any 140 mm radius curve. Since Mini Rail was added to the Tomix N track product line well after the line was first designed and produced, this is either well planned or very lucky! The regular Tomix (and Kato) system therefore has a basic turnout with an odd curve radius that is not the standard radius, and that does not even fit into the incremental curve radius system. Therefore these turnouts create a need for a matching odd-sized curve track to be added to the product line (and in the case of Kato N Unitrack, additional odd straight pieces and joiners). Please note that the Kato turnouts are technically not true #4 and #6 turnout designs, but these names are commonly used to identify them. | |||
| Turnouts & Related Track | Tomix Fine Track | Tomix Mini Points | Kato Unitrack |
| Standard Turnout | |||
| Std. Turnout Right (manual) | PR541-15 | PR140-30 | not made |
| Std. Turnout Right (electric) | PR541-15 | PR140-30 | EP481-15R (#4) |
| Standard Turnout Left (manual) | PL541-15 | PL140-30 | not made |
| Standard Turnout Left (electric) | PL541-15 | PL140-30 | EP481-15L (#4) |
| Curved Track to Match Turnout | C541-15 | not needed | R481-15 |
| Straight to Support Turnout | not needed | not needed | S60R (tapered roadbed) S60L (tapered roadbed) |
| Note: Kato R481-15 turnouts require use of one of these two straights, plus a special regular or insulated UniJoiner (all included). | |||
| Additional Turnouts | |||
| Smaller Turnout Right (electric) | PR280-30 | not made | not made |
| Smaller Turnout Left (electric) | PL280-30 | not made | not made |
| Note: These small Tomix turnouts are 140mm long (1/2 standard length) and match the 280 mm standard radius. They can therefore be easily subsituted into layout designs. | |||
| Larger Turnout Right (electric) | not made | not made | EP718-15R (#6) |
| Larger Turnout Left (electric) | not made | not made | EP718-15L (#6) |
| Curved Track to Match Turnout | not needed | not needed | R718-15 |
| Note: The larger Kato turnouts, like the Kato 15-degree crossings, do not comply with the Kato standard 33 mm track spacing design; however, they create a 49.5 mm spacing, which equals 1.5 times the standard spacing. | |||
| Wye ("Y") Turnout (electric) | PY280-15 | (can use PY280-15) | not made |
| Double Crossover (electric) | PX280 | not made | WX310 |
| Note: The Kato double crossover shares frogs and moving point rails with the R781-15 turnouts, but unlike those turnouts it complies with the Kato standard 33 mm track spacing. | |||
| Double-Slip Switch Right (electric) | PXR140-15 | not made | not made |
| Double-Slip Switch Left (electric) | PXL140-15 | not made | not made |
| Curve-on-Curve Turnout Right (electric) | CPR317/280-45 | not made | not made |
| Curve-on-Curve Turnout Left (electric) | CPL317/280-45 | not made | not made |
| 3-Way Turnout (electric) | PRL541/280-15 | not made | not made |
| 3-Way Turnout (electric) | PLR541/280-15 | not made | not made |
| Note: Curve-on-curve turnouts permit longer clear straight sections for station platforms or storage sidings and yards. Right and left turnouts can be combined to make a curved crossover. These turnouts maintain the Tomix 37 mm standard track spacing. | |||
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| Multiples of Standard Track Spacing | ||
| Tomix (and Kato) station platforms, pedestrian overpass bridges, control towers, maintenance buildings, grade crossings and so on are designed to work with the standard track spacing or a multiple of it. Often the spacing must be 1.5 times the standard (55.5 mm for Tomix and 49.5 mm for Kato N) or 2 times the standard spacing (74 mm for Tomix and 66 mm for Kato N). These spacings can be made using track pieces available in the track systems. | ||
| Other Track Sizes | ||
| The curve listed below does not fit in the incremental radius pattern, does not relate to a turnout, and has an odd curve arc. It is intended to be used as two pieces in an "S" shape on one of two straight parallel tracks. In this situation it widens the track spacing by 18.5 mm (half the standard track spacing) over a length of 210 mm (3/4 of the standard straight length). See drawing above. It can also be used as a large-radius curve, similar to the Kato R718-15 curve. | ||
| Other Track | Tomix Fine Track | Kato Unitrack |
| Regular Track | ||
| 605 mm Radius 10 Degree Curve | C605-10 | not made |
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